Shabbat Elul 18, 5771, September 17, 2011 MATSATI.COM / Rightly Dividing The Word of God
A Problem of Doctrine: Jesus or Yeshua?
In this week’s reading from Parashat “Ki Tavo” (Devarim / Deuteronomy 26:1-29:8) “when you come,” taken from the opening verse of the text, Moshe warns the people saying וְהָיָה כִּי -תָבוֹא אֶל -הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לְךָ נַחֲלָ ה וִירִשְׁתָּהּ וְיָשַׁבְתָּ בָּהּ: “When you come into the land that the Lord God has given you as an inheritance …” (26:1). Moshe lists the blessing that follows the one who listens and obeys ( השמעים והשמרים ) God’s Word and the curse that follows when one chooses not to listen and obey. Sefer Devarim / Deuteronomy 28:1 states – וְהָיָה אִם שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע בְּקוֹל יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לִשְׁמֹר לַעֲשֹוֹת saying “now it comes to be that you listen hearing the voice of the Lord God to keep and to do …” The phrase שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע is translated as “diligently obey” according to the NASB. The first word שָׁמוֹעַ is a 3rd— ע Qal noun meaning “to hear or to listen” and תִּשְׁמַע is written in the imperfect Qal second person masculine singular form denoting a past action that is in progress but not completed at the time in question. This Hebrew phrase is translated in English as “diligently obey” the Lord your God. It is interesting that, the verse says, “if you listen to the voice of the Lord your God” ( וְהָיָה אִם -שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע בְּקוֹל יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לִשְׁמֹר לַעֲשֹוֹת ) in Hebrew, the imperfect form indicates that listening is an ongoing process that is not yet complete. This indicates the process of listening (hearing) and obeying God’s voice is an ongoing lifelong process. A parallel is drawn within the sentence on “listening or hearing the voice of the Lord God” and “to keep” ( לִשְׁמֹר ) and “to do” ( לַעֲשֹוֹת ) what God has commanded. Today, in an effort to keep, to do, to listen and to obey, in our zeal for the truth found in Scripture, is it possible to call for a return to a Hebraic understanding of the Scriptures while at the same time inappropriately applying the idea? ”Have we given our ears to the Lord in order to listen to what He is saying to us from a humble heart or has our hatred and anger over the tradition of men fueled (motivated) us in the return to a Hebraic way of life?”
פרשת כי תבוא ספר דברים פרק כח פסוק א-יד א וְהָיָה אִם-שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע בְּקוֹל יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לִשְׁמֹר לַעֲשֹוֹת אֶת-כָּל-מִצְוֹתָיו אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם וּנְתָנְךָ יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ עֶלְיוֹן עַל כָּל-גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ: ב וּבָאוּ עָלֶיךָ כָּל-הַבְּרָכוֹת הָאֵלֶּה וְהִשִּׂיגֻךָ כִּי תִשְׁמַע בְּקוֹל יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ: ג בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה בָּעִיר וּבָרוּךְ אַתָּה בַּשָּׂדֶה: ד בָּרוּךְ פְּרִי-בִטְנְךָ וּפְרִי אַדְמָתְךָ וּפְרִי בְהֶמְתֶּךָ שְׁגַר אֲלָפֶיךָ וְעַשְׁתְּרוֹת צֹאנֶךָ: ה בָּרוּךְ טַנְאֲךָ וּמִשְׁאַרְתֶּךָ: ו בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה בְּבֹאֶךָ וּבָרוּךְ אַתָּה בְּצֵאתֶךָ: [ששי] ז יִתֵּן יְהוָֹה אֶת-אֹיְבֶיךָ הַקָּמִים עָלֶיךָ נִגָּפִים לְפָנֶיךָ בְּדֶרֶךְ אֶחָד יֵצְאוּ אֵלֶיךָ וּבְשִׁבְעָה דְרָכִים יָנוּסוּ לְפָנֶיךָ: ח יְצַו יְהוָֹה אִתְּךָ אֶת-הַבְּרָכָה בַּאֲסָמֶיךָ וּבְכֹל מִשְׁלַח יָדֶךָ וּבֵרַכְךָ בָּאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר-יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לָךְ: ט יְקִימְךָ יְהוָֹה לוֹ לְעַם קָדוֹשׁ כַּאֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע-לָךְ כִּי תִשְׁמֹר אֶת-מִצְוֹת יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ וְהָלַכְתָּ בִּדְרָכָיו: י וְרָאוּ כָּל-עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ כִּי שֵׁם יְהוָֹה נִקְרָא עָלֶיךָ וְיָרְאוּ מִמֶּךָּ: יא וְהוֹתִרְךָ יְהוָֹה לְטוֹבָה בִּפְרִי בִטְנְךָ וּבִפְרִי בְהֶמְתְּךָ וּבִפְרִי אַדְמָתֶךָ עַל הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע יְהוָֹה לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ לָתֶת לָךְ: יב יִפְתַּח יְהוָֹה | לְךָ אֶת-אוֹצָרוֹ הַטּוֹב אֶת-הַשָּׁמַיִם לָתֵת מְטַר-אַרְצְךָ בְּעִתּוֹ וּלְבָרֵךְ אֵת כָּל-מַעֲשֵֹה יָדֶךָ וְהִלְוִיתָ גּוֹיִם רַבִּים וְאַתָּה לֹא תִלְוֶה: יג וּנְתָנְךָ יְהוָֹה לְרֹאשׁ וְלֹא לְזָנָב וְהָיִיתָ רַק לְמַעְלָה וְלֹא תִהְיֶה לְמָטָּה כִּי-תִשְׁמַע אֶל-מִצְוֹת | יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם לִשְׁמֹר וְלַעֲשֹוֹת: יד וְלֹא תָסוּר מִכָּל-הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוֶּה אֶתְכֶם הַיּוֹם יָמִין וּשְֹמֹאול לָלֶכֶת אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים לְעָבְדָם:
So, asking the question of humility, of being humble before our Father in Heaven, what is the true motivation behind the desire to return to thinking Hebraically about the Scriptures? Reading through this week’s Parashah, the scriptures emphasize the importance of hearing the voice of the Lord God and obeying ( שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע בְּקוֹל יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ ). Are we truly seeking and hearing the Lord with a humble heart? Are we truly hearing the Lord speaking to us from the Scriptures? The reason I ask this question is because I have heard on a number of occasions various believers within the messianic movement teaching the belief that “Yeshua is not Jesus.” Specifically, that there is “power” in the name of Yeshua and there is “no power” in the name of Jesus. This statement poses a serious problem. If this premise and belief is correct, then all translations of the scriptures; including the original Greek manuscripts are not trustworthy and false.
On the other hand, if the belief that “Yeshua is not Jesus” is in error what is the true source that has led one to this erroneous way of thinking? Is this belief fueled by an anti-church sentiment? Why turn people away from using the name of Jesus the English/Latin translation of Yeshua? This is a serious spiritual problem for a number of reasons: (i) one is blaspheming Jesus (Yeshua) the Messiah and the Ruach HaKodesh (Holy Spirit) who reveals the Messiah to each person who places his or her faith in Him. (ii) One is teaching a spirit of hatred because it is surmised that the name of Jesus is an erroneous translation lacking power that was produced solely by the church and not based on the transliteration of the name Yeshua into the various languages. And (iii) the claim that “Yeshua is not Jesus” poses a serious misunderstanding of the Scriptures according to the Hebraic point of view. In order to sort out this problem, let’s investigate the issue of translation and study the implications of translation and transliteration with respect to understanding who Yeshua is from a Hebraic point of view. The real question is whether the name translated into another language loses its power? Does calling on the name of Yeshua by the English Jesus, the Latin Iesus, or the Greek Ἰησοῦ cause the power of God to become ineffective? Does translation from one language to another change the nature and character of the Messiah as redeemer, savior, Lord, and King when His name is transliterated into another language as it is placed within the biblical texts? Let’s see if we can answer these questions.
Looking at the Textus Receptus or the Codex Alexandrinus (Greek Manuscripts) starting with Matthew 1:1, we understand that the Greek text is an allusion to the Hebrew and Aramaic languages when we read Βίβλος γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβραάμ. The Greek text says “… Jesus Christ son of David son of Avraham” in English. Based on the first sentence in the Ketuvei Shelachim (Apostolic Writings) we understand that the Author is bringing concepts from the Tanach (the Torah) sefer Bereshit (Genesis) referring to Avraham and from the Neviim (Prophets) referring to David. Here David (Δαυὶδ) and Avraham (Ἀβραάμ) are transliterated into the Greek Language as best possible by the author of the book of Matthew. The object of the sentence is the one who is referred to in Matthew 1:1 as being the son of David and the son of Avraham, Yeshua (Jesus, Ἰησοῦ).
The Hebrew word for “He will save” is ישע (“yoshia”) which has the same root as the name “Yeshua” ( ישוע ). The name given to Yeshua reveals to us what he has done, the Messiah saves. The etymology of the name Yeshua ( ישוע ) shows that it is a contraction on the name Yehoshua ( יהושוע ). The English translation of Yehoshua ( יהושוע ) is Joshua. The meaning of the name Yeshua ( ישוע ) is provided for us explicitly within the text in Matthew 1:21, the NASB renders the verse as “She will bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus (Yeshua), for he will save his people from their sins.” Studying the Hebrew language, the names given to the people in the Tanach by their parents generally expressed the future expectation of their children or how blessed the parent was in having a son or child. The Hebraic concept here is defined by understanding what the child will do. This is expressed Hebraically by the phrase “tell me what you have done.”
According to Matthew 1:21, the Messiah came into the world, sent by the Lord God to save his people. The English translation (language) however, loses the understanding on the meaning of the name “Jesus” as referring to God saving His people from their sins. The meaning of the name “Jesus” is not explicitly apparent in the English translation. The Greek language is no better for helping us to understand the naming of children in the Bible. Only in Hebrew or Aramaic do we obtain an explanation on someone’s name and thus the importance for studying names in the Hebrew and Aramaic languages. Shown below is a diagram that illustrates the method the translators used for transliterating the name of Yeshua into Greek, Latin, and then English. Yeshua is spelled in Hebrew with the י yod, ש shin, ו vav, and ע ayin to spell ישוע . The yod is transliterated with the letter “y,” shin with the letter “s,” vav with the letter “w,” and ayin with the letter “c” and is silent. In the Greek language, there is no yod equivalent that sounds like the letter “y” therefore the translators chose the best equivalent substitution letter using the letter “Iota.” Similarly, the shin was translated using the letter “sigma.” The letter “ayin” being silent was also not translated directly into Greek. Studying the Greek etymology of Ἰησοῦ, it is apparent Matthew was trying to spell Yeshua ( ישוע ) “phonically” from the point of view of pronunciation by the use of the letters “Eta,” 130 “Omicron,” and “Upsilon.” The “Eta” is produced from sounding out y”E”shua and similarly, the omicron and upsilon are included phonically for pronunciation purposes. Note also that transliteration is different than that of “translation.”
Transliteration takes the letters in the original language and attempts to produce a one-to-one correspondence (equivalence) in the new language. The purpose is so that the word is read and spoken the same as in the original language. The difficulty of the “consonant-based” Hebrew language and the “vowel-based” languages like Greek, Latin, and English is evidenced by the inclusion of the “Eta,” “Omicron,” and “Upsilon” letters in the Greek transliterated name of Yeshua as Ἰησοῦ.
As we can see, the translation into Latin and then into English follows along the same transliteration technique choosing the correct equivalent letter in each respective language to be harmonious with the source (original) text and with the written language that the name of Yeshua is being translated into. So to answer the question “why not just write Yeshua in Hebrew in these new translations?” The reason is if the Hebrew name “Yeshua” was written in Hebrew in the English translation, English speaking people would read the translation and then stumble over the name of the Messiah. The same principle occurs for the Greek translations if the name of the Messiah would have been written in Hebrew or Aramaic the reader would stumble over the name of the Messiah. Salvation in the name of Yeshua is fundamentally important and stumbling over the name is not the intended purpose of the translation. After the production of the Greek manuscripts, various translations into other languages began to occur. The first of such translations was into Latin. Translating Greek to Latin is straight forward as well as that from Latin to the English language; there are equivalent letters within each language.
Another argument has been made that there is no power in the letter “J” but that there is power in the letter “Y.” It is postulated that there is an error in translating the Yod (Y) using the letter “J.” Interestingly enough, historically this is not the case. According to a composite German-language dictionary of Middle High German (Mittelhochdeutsche Wörterbücher im Verbund, publisher: Fach Germanistik, Universität Trier, 1878) the letter “J” originated as a swash character to end Roman numerals in the place of the letter “iota.” It was Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) an Italian Renaissance humanist, poet, dramatist, diplomat, and grammarian who was the first to explicitly distinguish the letter “I” from the letter ”J” as representing separate sounds. Originally the “I” and “J” represented the same sound. The “J” represented the sound in the English word “yet.” Understanding the early pronunciation of the letter “J” the Greek and Latin word Ἰησοῦ / Iesu begin to sound like it was intended “Yesu” that is derived from the Hebrew pronunciation “Yeshua.” The English sound for “J” was acquired from the French “J.” In the time of these translations (the English and German languages) the Septuagint (LXX), the Greek manuscripts (i.e. Textus
Receptus and Codex Alexandrinus), and the Latin vulgate (4th century text 382 AD) were the texts used for translating God’s Word (to German and then later into English). As a result, the letter “J” is used as a substitution letter for the Hebrew “Yod.” We can also observe this in the transliteration of הללויה from Tehilim / Psalms into English as Halleluiah and Hallelujah from the Greek translation Αλληλούια. The Iota is transliterated with the letter “J” in some English translations and with the letter “i” with others. The English translators used a little poetic license (departure from the convention) to transliterate the text, but it is pronounced correctly in Hebrew as הללויה . Examine הללויה translated as Halleluiah isn’t it interesting that the pronunciation of “Halleluiah” produces a “y” sound “halleluyah?” Is the Greek translation Ἰησοῦ supposed to produce a “ye” sound while reading? So, it might be concluded that the various translations (Greek/Latin/English) are all to be read as “Yesu.” It is also claimed that the translation of the name Yeshua into another language causes the name to lose its power. Does calling on the name of Yeshua by the English Jesus, the Latin Iesus, or the Greek Ἰησοῦ cause the power of God to become ineffective? So I ask you the question, does translation from one language to another change the nature and character of the Messiah as redeemer, savior, Lord, and King when His name is transliterated and placed within the biblical texts? Let’s examine the biblical text from Matthew 1:1.
ספר מתתיהו פרק א פסוק א ספר תולדת ישוע המשיח בן דוד בן אברהם׃
Matthew 1:16 1:16 Jacob was the father of Joseph the husband of Mary, by whom Jesus was born, who is called the Messiah. (NASB) Ἰακὼβ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσὴφ τὸν ἄνδρα Μαρίας, ἐξ ἧς ἐγεννήθη Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόμενος Χριστός
Matthæus 1:1 Liber generationis Iesu Christi filii David filii Abraham Βίβλος γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβραάμ. 1:1 The record of the genealogy of Jesus the Messiah, the son of David, the son of Abraham (NASB)
Reading the Hebrew translation “ ישוע המשיח בן דוד בן אברהם ,” the Greek “Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβραάμ,” Latin “Iesu Christi filii David filii Abraham,” and English “Jesus the Messiah, the son of David, the son of Abraham” each translation state that Yeshua, ישוע , Ἰησοῦ, Iesu, Jesus, each transliteration of the name of Yeshua into its respective language, this person is the “Anointed one,” המשיח , Χριστοῦ, Christi, Christ, who is “the son of David, son of Avraham.” The translation of the Yeshua into another language does not change the character of the Messiah as the son of David and son of Avraham, Redeemer, Savior, King, and Lord. Throughout the biblical text, Yeshua, ,ישוע Ἰησοῦ, Iesu, Jesus is referring to the one whom God had sent for our salvation. Thinking Hebraically, the truth that is revealed within the scriptures is defined by who God is, and what He has done. God sent His only begotten son Yeshua, ישוע, Ἰησοῦ, Iesu, Jesus to lay His life down on our behalf. The power in the name is sustained by the authority of the one who stands behind that name in the Hebrew Scriptures. Therefore, there is power in the name of Yeshua, ,ישוע Ἰησοῦ, Iesu, and Jesus because this is the one whom God has sent to save us from our sins. The translation into Greek, Latin, English, Spanish, etc, does not cause the name to lose its power. This is a very Hebraic concept, we mustn’t forget this perspective that is based on the truth written and revealed to us by God’s Ruach HaKodesh (Holy Spirit). If translating the name Yeshua into another language causes the name to lose its power then we have a serious problem, all translations, including the Greek manuscripts cannot be trusted. The erroneous thinking that “Yeshua is not Jesus” and that “there is no power in the letter J” has caused some to state saying “I worship Yeshua and not the Christian Jesus.” This erroneous way of thinking poses a serious problem because by making this statement one is blaspheming Jesus Christ (Yeshua the Messiah) and blaspheming the One who sent him our Father in Heaven (John 12:44). The statement “I worship Yeshua and not the Christian Jesus” provides insight into the one who holds this to be true and the depth of anger that is directed towards the church is now directed to God’s Son Yeshua (Jesus).
The justification made on “not worshiping the Christian Jesus” is related to Easter, Christmas, and the no-Torah theology that is taught today within the Christian Church. So, the one who makes this claim is ascribing the “tradition of men” to Jesus Christ (Yeshua the Messiah), this is a serious problem. As we explained above when looking at the translations and the languages, we see that in Matthew 1:1 Yeshua, ישוע , Ἰησοῦ, Iesu, Jesus is the Christ, Messiah, Savior, and King, the son of David and son of Avraham. These are not names of different people in fact these are not “names” plural rather one name singular that is transliterated into the various languages. If we take the time to study the languages critically, we see the progression Yeshua ( ישוע ) -> Iesou (Ἰησοῦ) -> Iesu (Latin) -> Jesus (English) as the text is translated and transliterated into each respective language. In addition to this, thinking Hebraically, Yeshua, ישוע , Ἰησοῦ, Iesu, Jesus is the Messiah, the One who God has sent to save us from our sins. Do not be fooled by teachers today who say that “Yeshua is not Jesus.” This is rooted deeply in a spirit of hatred towards the church, not founded on the scientific method, not thinking Hebraically and critically on the languages, and most importantly, not in the spirit of love and humbleness of heart as God commands us to live by (Devarim / Deuteronomy 6:4-10). If a man sins, do we blame God for him sinning? (James1:13) The statement “Christian Jesus” is blasphemous in its use saying that He (Yeshua, ישוע , Ἰησοῦ, Iesu, Jesus) causes men to enter into pagan practices and sin. The fact of the matter, it is the “TRADITION” of men that keeps people from leaving their false ways, tradition keeps people from walking away from man’s ways. And if we think about it, tradition out of habit causes a person to return to their sin over and over again. It is not Jesus Christ who causes people to do this.
The motivation behind saying “I worship Yeshua and not the Christian Jesus” is motivated by a spirit of hatred towards the church and the inability to differentiate the difference between the things of God and the traditions of men. A translation of the Bible is not synonymous with sin. One additional thought, could the problem of understanding the relevance of tradition in life be connected to the belief that Rabbinic Tradition is sanctioned by God? Tradition, like everything else, must be understood according to the Scriptures. If a tradition contradicts what is written in Scripture, then it needs to be discarded. Based upon this erroneous way of thinking, it is said and taught that “our Lord Jesus’ real Hebrew name is Yeshua. If this is true, then when are people worshiping him in the wrong name?” Granted, Yeshua is Jesus Hebrew name, this attitude is based out of the idea that the various translations are changing the name of the Son of God, Yeshua. The fact is that, regardless of the language of translation, God sent His only begotten son Yeshua ישוע (Hebrew), Ἰησοῦ (Greek), Iesu (Latin), and Jesus (English) to lay His life down on our behalf. This is the same name only transliterated into different languages. There is power in the name and that power is sustained by the authority of the one who stands behind that name according to the Scriptures. Those who argue and insist that we call Jesus by his “correct” name Yeshua are concerning themselves with trivial and non-essential matters. The essential matter is that we place our faith in the one the Lord God Almighty sent to save us from our sins. Therefore, there is power in the name of Yeshua, ישוע , Ἰησοῦ, Iesu, and Jesus because this is the one whom God has sent to save us from our sins. The translation into Greek (Ἰησοῦ), Latin (Iesu), English (Jesus), Spanish, etc, does not cause the name to lose its power. The Scriptures do not give preeminence to one language or translation over another. We are not commanded to call upon the name of the Lord in Hebrew only. Acts 2:21 says ‘And it shall be that everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.’ (NASB). The Lord God Almighty knows who is calling upon His name and who is calling upon the Name of the Messiah regardless of whether they do so in English, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, or Spanish, etc. He is the same Lord and Savior, the way, the truth, and the life (John 14:6) that is revealed to us by the Ruach HaKodesh (Holy Spirit). Thus, translation of 295 the name of the Son of God (Yeshua) into another language does not cause the name to lose its power. Translations enable more people to know the Messiah and to place their faith in the living God! Let’s focus on what is most important, salvation in Yeshua ישוע (Hebrew), Ἰησοῦ (Greek), Iesu (Latin), and Jesus (English) and move on to the more meatier things in the Word of God (Ivrit / Hebrews 5:12).
Heavenly Father,
Help me to realize that You in the fullness of Your mercy and grace have 305 preserved and revealed Your truth regardless of the language the holy Scriptures are translated into. The Scriptures reveal the way, the truth, and the life (John 14:6) that is provided by atonement in blood in Yeshua the Messiah; Thank You Lord for making the truth of Your Son known to each person in his or her respective language. The atonement that You have provided is an absolute necessity for me to receive forgiveness. Help me to realize the more important matters of salvation and to teach these truths to others. Help me to accept, embrace, and believe with all my heart, mind, and strength the gift You have provided in Yeshua. Help me to effectively proclaim the life, death, and glorious bodily resurrection of Yeshua the Messiah. As teaching the Torah, Help me to teach Yeshua, God’s one and only way to draw near to Him and not to be so concerned with the transliteration of Yeshua’s name into other languages. Please forgive me of my sins, have mercy on me Lord. Help me to live according to Your will as it is laid out according to the Scriptures. Sanctify me in Your Holy Word Lord and in Your Son Yeshua. Help me to sanctify you Lord in my heart, in my life, and in all that I do. Help me to serve You according to Your will based on the Scriptures. Thank You Lord for everything You have done for me. I give You all of the honor, the glory, and the praise forever and ever. In Yeshua’s (Jesus’) Name I pray! Amen!
What to pray:
- Ask the Lord to help you understand the true purpose of the Torah is to believe in Yeshua the Messiah.
- Ask the Lord to help you see, trust, and obey Him and His Word. Ask the Lord to help you “to hear His voice” and “to hold fast to Him.”
- Thank the Lord for lifting the burden of sin and revealing His truth in your heart.
הללויה לאדוננו מורנו ורבינו ישוע מלך המשיח לעולם ועד:
Hallelujah for our Lord, our Teacher, our Rabbi,
“Yeshua” King Messiah forever and ever
